Vitality Research: Forefront and Challenges Mildred Dresselhaus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA

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Vitality Long Island, 2007 Conference Farmingdale State College, New York October 25, 2007 Energy Research: Forefront and Challenges Mildred Dresselhaus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Collaborator George Crabtree, ANL

Energy Research: Forefront and Challenges Outline Introduction – the vitality challenge Energy options and the materials challenge Think huge, go little Science and Policy Perspectives

Energy: A National Initiative The hydrogen extend " Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research financing so America can lead the world in growing clean, hydrogen-controlled autos… With another national duty, our researchers and designers will conquer hindrances to taking these autos from lab to showroom, so that the main auto driven by a kid conceived today could be fueled by hydrogen, and contamination free." President Bush, State-of the-Union Address, January 28, 2003 "America is dependent on oil, which is regularly transported in from insecure parts of the world," "The most ideal approach to break this habit is through innovation.." "..better batteries for half and half and electric autos, and in contamination free autos that keep running on hydrogen' President Bush, State-of the-Union Address, January 31, 2006

Demographic Expansion Population (Billions) Oceania

2100: 40-50 TW 2050: 25-30 TW 2000: 13 TW 25.00 World Energy Demand add up to 20.00 15.00 TW modern 10.00 creating 50 World Fuel Mix 2001 US 5.00 oil 40 ee/fsu 0.00 30 coal % 1970 1990 2010 2030 gas 20 reestablish nucl 10 0 85% fossil The World Energy Demand Challenge vitality crevice ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998

past the pinnacle new geopolitical connections elective fills capricious oil equal the initial investment ~ $30-40/bbl half more CO 2/gallon gas The Challenge of Fossil Fuel Supply and Security When Will Production Peak? World Oil Production 2037 50 gas: past oil coal: > 200 yrs offbeat oil sands oil shale 2016 Bbbl/yr 40 2% request development extreme recuperation: 3000 Bbbl 30 20 10 2100 2000 2050 1900 1950 EIA: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/presentations/long_term_supply/index.htm R. Kerr, Science 310 , 1106 (2005) World Oil Reserves/Consumption 2001 uneven circulation  uncertain get to OPEC: Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, and Indonesia http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/truths/2004/fcvt_fotw336.shtml

CO 2 (ppmv) 325 CH 4 (ppmv) CO 2 in 2004: 380 ppmv Relaxation time transport of CO 2 or warmth to profound sea: 400 - 1000 years 300 800 - CO 2 - CH 4 -  T 275 + 4 700 250  T with respect to display (°C) 0 225 600 200 - 4 500 175 400 - 8 1.5 380 300 - CO 2 - Global Mean Temp 360 1.0 100 400 200 300 0 340 Thousands of years before present (Ky BP) 0.5 320 Temperature (°C) Atmospheric CO 2 (ppmv) 0 300 - 0.5 280 260 - 1.0 240 - 1.5 1000 2000 1200 1800 1600 1400 Year AD The Challenge of Fossil Fuel Related Climate Change Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22 J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399 , 429, 1999 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001 http://www.ipcc.ch N. Oreskes, Science 306 , 1686, 2004 D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433 , 403, 2005

The Energy Alternatives Fossil Nuclear Renewable Fusion sunlight based, wind, hydroelectric sea tides and streams biomass, geothermal vitality hole ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 10 TW = 10,000 1 GW control plants 1 new power plant/day for a long time China: 1 GW/week no single arrangement differing qualities of vitality sources required

Assessing Energy Futures Energy Source: Solar electricity - fuel-warm Energy Carrier: Electricity Energy Carrier: Hydrogen State of the craftsmanship today Future potential Science challenges

TiO 2 nanocrystals adsorbed quantum dabs fluid electrolyte N Solar vitality requires interdisciplinary nanoscience inquire about New Materials and Nanoscience will assume a part control of photons, electrons, and particles counterfeit photosynthesis normal photosynthesis nanostructured thermoelectrics quantum spot sun powered cells nanoscale structures beat down lithography base up self-get together multi-scale incorporation portrayal filtering tests electrons, neutrons, x-beams littler length and time scales hypothesis and displaying multi-hub PC bunches thickness utilitarian hypothesis 10 000 iota gatherings

Why Nanostructural materials are vital for vitality based applications New attractive properties are accessible at the nanoscale yet not found in ordinary 3D materials e.g., higher dissemination coefficient to advance hydrogen discharge Higher surface region to advance reactant connections Independent control of nanomaterials parameters which rely on upon each other for 3D materials.

Energy Research: Forefront and Challenges Outline Introduction – the vitality challenge Energy choices and the materials challenge Think enormous, go little Science and Policy Perspectives

The Energy in Sunlight 1.2 x 10 5 TW conveyed to Earth 36,000 TW ashore (world) 2,200 TW ashore (US) Earth's Ultimate Recoverable Resource of oil 3 Trillion (=Tera) Barrels 1.7 x 10 22 Joules 1.5 days of daylight San Francisco Earthquake (1906) extent 7.8 10 17 Joules 1 second of daylight Annual Human Production of Energy 4.6 x 10 20 Joules 1 hour of daylight

Solar Thermal Solar Fuel Solar Electric e - H 2 O CO 2 O 2 h + sugar CO 2 H 2 O H 2 , CH 4 CH 3 OH N H O 2 C N H N O N C H 3 ~ 14 TW extra vitality by 2050 Solar Energy Utilization 500 - 3000 °C warm motors power era prepare warm 50 - 200 °C space, water warming characteristic photosynthesis fake photosynthesis .0002 TW PV (world) .00003 TW PV (US) $0.30/kWh w/o stockpiling 1.4 TW biomass (world) 0.2 TW biomass reasonable (world) 0.006 TW (world) 11 TW fossil fuel (show utilize) 1.5 TW power (world) $0.03-$0.06/kWh (fossil) 2 TW space and water warming (world)

Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy The Sun is a solitary answer for our future vitality needs - limit midgets fossil, atomic, wind . . . - daylight conveys more vitality in one hour than earth occupants use in one year - free of nursery gasses and toxins - secure from geo-political imperatives Enormous crevice between our small utilization of sun oriented vitality and its tremendous potential - Incremental advances in today's innovation won't conquer any hindrance - Conceptual achievements are required that come just from high hazard high result essential research Interdisciplinary research is required material science, science, science, materials, nanoscience Basic and connected science ought to couple flawlessly http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/abstracts.html#SEU

lost to warmth 3 V E g 3 I hot transporters rich assortment of new physical wonders challenge: comprehend and actualize Revolutionary Photovoltaics: half Efficient Solar Cells exhibit innovation: 32% breaking point for single intersection one exciton per photon unwinding to band edge nanoscale positions different excitons per photon numerous intersections various holes

Solar Electric Despite 30-40% development rate in establishment, photovoltaics create less than 0.02% of world power (2001) under 0.002% of world aggregate vitality (2001) Decrease cost/watt by a component 10 - 25 to be aggressive with fossil power (without capacity) Find viable strategy for capacity of photovoltaic-produced power

chlamydomonas moewusii 10 µ Leveraging Photosynthesis for Efficient Energy Production photosynthesis changes over ~ 100 TW of daylight to sugars: nature's fuel low effectiveness (< 0.3%) requires an excess of land zone Modify the organic chemistry of plants and microorganisms - enhance productivity by an element of 5–10 - deliver an advantageous fuel methanol, ethanol, H 2 , CH 4 hydrogenase 2H + 2e -  H 2 switchgrass Scientific Challenges comprehend and adjust hereditarily controlled natural chemistry that cutoff points development explain plant cell divider structure and its proficient transformation to ethanol or different energizes catch high effectiveness early strides of photosynthesis to create fills like ethanol and H 2 alter microscopic organisms to all the more productively deliver powers enhanced impetuses for biofuels generation

4H + 4e - 2H 2 O cubane PSII counterfeit photosynthesis fuel from daylight, H 2 0, CO 2 H 2 , CH 4 , CH 3 OH, C 2 H 5 OH O Mn O Mn O Mn O Mn O Mn O Solar-Powered Catalysts for Fuel Formation plants - photosynthesis 2H 2 O + hv → 4H + 4e - + O 2 CO 2 + H + e - → starches (~ H 6 C 12 O 6 ) bio motivated fake water part fuel generation: Wu, Dismukes et al, Inorg, Chem 43, 5795 (2004) Ferreira, et al, Science 303: 1831 (2004). microbes - hydrogenase impetus for 2 H + 2e -  H 2 Tard et al, Nature 433, 610 (2005) Justice, Rauchfuss et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 13214 (2004) Alper, Science 299, 1686 (2003)

Solar Fuels: Solving the Storage Problem Biomass < 0.3% effective: a lot of land region Increase effectiveness 5 - 10 times Designer plants and microorganisms for creator powers: H 2 , CH 4 , methanol and ethanol Develop manufactured photosynthesis

Energy Conversion Efficiency conversion proficiency reasonable target substance securities  electrons 30% (fossil electricity) > 60% synthetic securities  motion 28% (gas engine) > 60% photons  electrons 18% (advertise)/28% (lab) > 60% photons  concoction bonds 0.3% (biomass) > 20% electrons  photons 5-25% > half photovoltaics photosynthesis strong state lighting

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