LIS 397.1 Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science Some Other Research Techniques Relevant to Library and Information Science R. E. Wyllys Copyright 2003 by R. E. Wyllys Last reconsidered 2003 Apr 20 School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 2Lesson Objectives To give you a concise prologue to certain examination ranges and systems that are pertinent in library and data science Analytical Bibliography Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics Content Analysis Historical Research Stylostatistics School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 3Analytical Bibliography Analytical list of sources is the investigation of physical qualities of books, compositions, maps, and other composed materials with the objective of revealing insight into such matters as the validness of individual things and the sequence of various forms of specific works. In spite of the fact that the strategies of systematic list of sources were to a great extent created keeping in mind the end goal to study books and compositions of significant age (e.g., early printings of Shakespeare's plays), the methods are appropriate to materials of later beginning. For instance, they have been utilized to concentrate claimed, and genuine, falsifications in the twentieth century, for example, the " Vinland Map " bought by Yale University Library in 1958 for $1 million, and the " Hitler Diaries " distributed in 1983. A superb brief overview of a portion of the systems is given by the Smithsonian Center to Materials Research and Education as Identifying the Real Thing . School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 4Analytical Bibliography Physical qualities that can be contemplated include: Paper and ink science Watermarks Collation Binding Typefaces, even down to the level of individual unmistakable bits of sort Spelling varieties School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 5Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics So great an outline of bibliometrics and cybermetrics has been given by Dr. Ruth A. Palmquist (at present Visiting Associate Professor, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Dominican University) that I can do no superior to just to quote her " Bibliometrics " Webpage* broadly in this and the accompanying six slides treating this point. Initial, a definition: "Bibliometrics is a sort of research technique utilized as a part of library and data science. It uses quantitative investigation and measurements to depict examples of production inside a given field or collection of writing. Specialists may utilize bibliometric techniques for assessment to decide the impact of a solitary author, for instance, or to depict the relationship between at least two essayists or works." * See the slide on "References: Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics" toward the finish of this introduction. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 6Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics "Laws of Bibliometrics. One of the fundamental territories in bibliometric investigate concerns the use of bibliometric laws. The three most generally utilized laws in bibliometrics are: Lotka's law of logical profitability, Bradford's law of disperse, and Zipf's law of word occurrence." Lotka's Law. Named after Alfred J. Lotka , this law "describes the recurrence of distribution by creators in a given field." It expresses that in a given field the quantity of creators who make n commitments to the field is roughly 1/n 2 of the number who make a solitary commitment, and that the regular extent of those making only one commitment is around 60% of the creators in the field. "This implies that out of the considerable number of creators in a given field, 60 percent will have only one distribution . . . 15 percent will have two productions (1/2 times .60), 7 percent of writers will have three distributions (1/3 2 times .60), thus on." It can be demonstrated that exclusive around 6% "of the writers in a field will deliver more than 10 articles" each. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 7Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics Bradford's Law. Named after Samuel C. Bradford, a British curator, "Bradford's Law fills in as a general rule to custodians in deciding the quantity of center diaries in any given field. It expresses that diaries in a solitary field can be isolated into three sections, each containing a similar number of articles: 1) a center of diaries regarding the matter, moderately very few, that produces roughly 33% of the considerable number of articles, 2) a moment zone, containing an indistinguishable number of articles from the to start with, however a more noteworthy number of diaries, and 3) a third zone, containing an indistinguishable number of articles from the second, yet a still more prominent number of diaries. The scientific relationship of the quantity of diaries in the center to the principal zone is a consistent n and to the second zone the relationship is n². Bradford communicated this relationship as 1:n:n². Bradford planned his law [in 1934] in the wake of concentrate a list of sources of geophysics. . . . Bradford's Law is not measurably precise, entirely. In any case, it is still usually utilized when in doubt of thumb." School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 8Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics Zipf's Law. Named after George K. Zipf, a Harvard educator of philology, this law portrays the conveyance of frequencies of words in customary writing: Suppose that you have a sensibly extensive content, that you tally the frequencies of the unmistakable words in the content, and that you then orchestrate the particular words in diminishing request of recurrence. Next, you dole out rank 1 to the main word in the subsequent rundown, i.e., the most successive word; rank 2, to the following most incessant word; rank 3, to the third most regular word; thus on.* Zipf's Law says that the result of the rank of a word in this rundown increased by its recurrence will be around steady. That is, r x f = C, where r is the rank of a word, f is the recurrence of the word, and C is a consistent. (C will depend fundamentally on the extent of the specific content you have numbered, however certain different attributes of the content additionally help to decide C.) "Zipf's Law . . . is not measurably flawless, but rather it is exceptionally valuable for indexers." *Note: A Web-based program for tallying and positioning the frequencies of the words in a content is accessible as the Web Frequency Indexer , made and kept up by Dr. Catherine N. Ball, Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University. School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 9Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics Another vital range of bibliometrics, Citation Analysis, "uses different strategies . . . with a specific end goal to set up connections between creators or their work. Here is a meaning of reference investigation, and meanings of co-reference coupling and bibliographic coupling, which are particular sorts of reference analysis." Citation Analysis . "When one creator refers to another creator, a relationship is built up. Reference examination utilizes references in insightful attempts to set up connections. Various connections can be determined, for example, interfaces between creators, between academic works, between diaries, between fields, or even between nations. References both from and to a specific record might be contemplated. One extremely basic utilization of reference examination is to decide the effect of a solitary creator on a given field by checking the quantity of times the creator has been refered to by others. One conceivable downside of this approach is that creators might refer to the single creator in a negative setting (saying that the creator doesn't recognize what s/he's discussing, for instance)." School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 10Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics Co-Citation Coupling "is a technique used to build up a subject likeness between two records. On the off chance that papers An and B are both refered to by paper C, they might be said to be identified with each other, despite the fact that they don't straightforwardly refer to each other. On the off chance that papers An and B are both refered to by numerous different papers, they have a more grounded relationship. The more papers they are refered to by, the more grounded their relationship is." Bibliographic Coupling "operates on a comparable standard, yet in a way it is the identical representation of co-reference coupling. Bibliographic coupling joins two papers that refer to similar articles, so that if papers An and B both refer to paper C, they might be said to be connected, despite the fact that they don't specifically refer to each other. The more papers they both refer to, the more grounded their relationship is." School of Information - The University of Texas at Austin LIS 397.1, Introduction to Research in Library and Information Science
Slide 11Bibliometrics and Cybermetrics The best known assistance of reference examination is that of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), which distributes a few reference lists to diaries in different fields. ISI's Web of Science incorporates Science Citation Expanded Social Sciences Citation Index Arts & Humanities Citation Index For I-School understudies, access to ISI diaries is accessible through UT-Austin Library Online (UTLOL), by means of " Databases and Indexes to Articles ". Web Applications of
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